- Plants
- Animals
- Fungi
- Bacteria
- Protoctists
- Viruses
Plants
- Multicellular organisms
- Cells contain chloroplast and are able to carry out photosynthesis
- Cells have cellulose cell walls
- They store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose
Examples include flowering plants, such as cereal (e.g. maize) and a herbaceous legume (e.g. peas or beans)
Animals
- Multicellular organisms
- Cells do not contain chloroplast and are not able to carry out photosynthesis
- Cells do not contain cell walls
- They usually have a nervous coordination and are able to move from one place to another
- They often store carbohydrates as glycogen
Examples include mammals (e.g. humans) and insects (e.g. mosquito)
Fungi
- Usually organised into a mycelium made from thread-like structures called hyphae, which contain many nuclei (multicellular)
- Some examples are single-celled
- They are saprophytic and feed by excreting digestive enzymes onto food and absorbing the digested products (saprotrophic nutrition)
- Their cells have walls made of chitin (a protein)
- They store carbohydrates as glycogen
Examples include Mucor (hyphal/multicellular) and yeast (single cell)
Bacteria
- These are microscopic single-celled organisms
- They don’t have a nucleus but contain a circular chromosome of DNA (a bacterial chromosome)
- Some bacteria can carry out photosynthesis, but most are saprophytes and feed of dead organisms
- They have a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm and plasmids
Examples include Lactobacillus bulgaricus (a rod-shaped bacterium used in the production of yoghurt from milk) and Pneumococcus (a spherical bacterium that causes Pneumonia)
Protoctisis
- Everything else that doesn’t fit in any of the other kingdoms
- They can be single-celled and multicellular organisms
Some like Amoeba that live in pond water, have animal characteristics
Some like Chlorella have chloroplast and have plant characteristics
A pathogenic example is Plasmodium, responsible for causing malaria
Viruses
- Not living organisms
- The small particles, smaller than bacteria, not made out of cells
- They are parasitic and can only reproduce inside living cells (host cells)
- They can infect every type of living organisms
- They do not have a cellular structure but have a protein coat and contain one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA
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